Solar Energy Conversion Systems
von: Jeffrey R. S. Brownson
Elsevier Reference Monographs, 2013
ISBN: 9780123973153
Sprache: Englisch
471 Seiten, Download: 6012 KB
Format: EPUB, PDF, auch als Online-Lesen
geeignet für:
Typ: B (paralleler Zugriff)
| Front Cover | 1 | ||
| Half Title | 2 | ||
| Quote Page | 3 | ||
| Title Page | 4 | ||
| Copyright | 5 | ||
| Contents | 6 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 12 | ||
| 01 Introduction | 14 | ||
| Design Concept | 15 | ||
| Instructional Approach | 18 | ||
| Suggested Course Schedule with Text | 21 | ||
| Communication of Units and a Standard Solar Language | 21 | ||
| 02 Context and Philosophy of Design | 26 | ||
| A Rationale and History for Design of SECS | 26 | ||
| Systems and Patterns | 31 | ||
| Systems Design | 33 | ||
| The Ethics of Sustainability | 34 | ||
| Ecosystem Services | 37 | ||
| Limitations of the Goal | 39 | ||
| Framework: Solar as Lighting Aid | 40 | ||
| Framework: Solar Rights and Access | 43 | ||
| Framework: Solar Power Entrepreneurs | 45 | ||
| Framework: Solar Ecosystem Services | 47 | ||
| Framework: Solar for Energy Independence | 49 | ||
| Problems | 52 | ||
| Recommended Additional Resources | 53 | ||
| 03 Laws of Light | 54 | ||
| Light is a Pumping System | 56 | ||
| SECS and Light | 61 | ||
| Light is Directional | 62 | ||
| Light is Spectral | 65 | ||
| Light Decreases with Distance | 68 | ||
| Four Laws of Light | 70 | ||
| Kirchoff’s Law | 71 | ||
| Wien’s Displacement | 72 | ||
| Planck’s Law | 73 | ||
| Stephan-Boltzmann Equation and Fractions of Radiation | 75 | ||
| Problems | 77 | ||
| Recommended Additional Reading | 79 | ||
| 04 Physics of Light, Heat, Work, and Photoconversion | 80 | ||
| Breakthrough: Not Light or Heat—Both | 81 | ||
| It’s in the History Books | 82 | ||
| Light for a Caloric Response | 84 | ||
| Materials in Energy Conversion Systems | 86 | ||
| Selective Surfaces and Graybodies: Opaque | 87 | ||
| Radiative Exchange for One Surface | 90 | ||
| Diffuse Gray Surface Approximation: | 92 | ||
| Radiative Exchange for Two Surfaces | 96 | ||
| Reflectivity and Reflectance for Semi-transparent Materials | 100 | ||
| Problems | 108 | ||
| Recommended Additional Reading | 110 | ||
| 05 Meteorology: the Many Facets of the Sky | 112 | ||
| Air Masses | 113 | ||
| The Sky as Multiple Climate Regimes | 117 | ||
| No Sky Model | 118 | ||
| Blackbody Accounting (no sky cover) | 119 | ||
| A Change of Variables: 0–100 Round Numbers | 121 | ||
| Blackbody+Graybody Accounting (no sky cover) | 123 | ||
| Graybody Accounting with a Cover | 125 | ||
| Graybody Accounting with a Cover and a Leaky Valve | 128 | ||
| The Role of Clouds | 131 | ||
| Clear Sky Modeling | 132 | ||
| Components of Light | 134 | ||
| Hottel Clear Sky Beam Model (1976) | 137 | ||
| Bird Clear Sky Model (1981) | 138 | ||
| Spatio-Temporal Uncertainty | 140 | ||
| Robot Monkey DoesSpace-Time | 141 | ||
| Problems | 145 | ||
| Recommended Additional Reading | 146 | ||
| 06 Sun-Earth Geometry | 148 | ||
| Experiment with a Laser | 150 | ||
| Spatial Relations | 152 | ||
| Spherical Coordinates | 153 | ||
| Earth-Sun Angles | 156 | ||
| Time Conversions | 162 | ||
| Daylight Savings Time Correction | 165 | ||
| Longitude Time Correction (t?) | 167 | ||
| Analemma Time Correction (Et) | 168 | ||
| Putting Time Correction Together | 171 | ||
| Moments, Hours, and Days | 172 | ||
| Finding Sunset, Day Length, and h0 | 174 | ||
| Sun-Observer Angles | 176 | ||
| Collector-Sun Angles | 183 | ||
| A Comment on Optimal Tilt | 184 | ||
| Robot Monkey DoesSpherical Derivation! | 186 | ||
| Problems | 189 | ||
| Recommended Additional Reading | 191 | ||
| 07 Applying the Angles to Shadows and Tracking | 192 | ||
| Shading Estimation | 192 | ||
| Projections of Spherical Data | 193 | ||
| Shading Estimation: Critical Point and Plotting | 197 | ||
| Wing Wall | 198 | ||
| Awning | 201 | ||
| Array Packing | 203 | ||
| Tracking Systems | 205 | ||
| Problems | 210 | ||
| Recommended Additional Reading | 211 | ||
| 08 Measure and Estimation of the Solar Resource | 212 | ||
| Measuring Light | 214 | ||
| Measurement Terminology: | 217 | ||
| Meteorological Years: Collage of Data | 218 | ||
| Human Vision: Logarithmic Detection versus Linear | 219 | ||
| Gross Measure: Sunshine Duration | 222 | ||
| Pyranometer: Global Irradiance Measurements | 224 | ||
| Diffuse and Direct Normal Measures | 227 | ||
| Satellite Measures of Irradiation | 228 | ||
| Empirical Correlations for Components | 230 | ||
| Isotropic Diffuse Sky Model | 232 | ||
| Perez Anisotropic Model | 233 | ||
| Clearness Indices and Climate Regimes | 234 | ||
| Diffuse Fraction | 239 | ||
| When Empirical Correlations are not Appropriate | 241 | ||
| Robot Monkey doesNetwork Solar Resource Assessment! | 243 | ||
| Problems | 246 | ||
| Recommended Additional Reading | 247 | ||
| 09 Solar Energy Economics | 250 | ||
| Flows and Stocks | 254 | ||
| The Value, Reserve, and Elasticity of Light | 255 | ||
| Energy Constraint and Response | 262 | ||
| So Many Goods: Co-Products and Co-Generation | 264 | ||
| Government and Markets | 265 | ||
| Managing the Grid | 266 | ||
| Externalities | 268 | ||
| Utility, Risk, and Return | 269 | ||
| Problems | 274 | ||
| Recommended Additional Reading | 275 | ||
| 10 Solar Project Finance | 276 | ||
| Time Value of Money | 277 | ||
| Solar Savings | 279 | ||
| Life Cycle Cost Analysis | 281 | ||
| Costs and Savings | 282 | ||
| Discrete Analysis | 285 | ||
| Gotta Gotta Payback | 290 | ||
| Gains, Loads Losses | 291 | ||
| Solar Fraction | 293 | ||
| Continuous Analysis | 294 | ||
| Concept Review: | 297 | ||
| Problems | 297 | ||
| Recommended Additional Reading | 298 | ||
| 11 The Sun as Commons | 300 | ||
| Goods and Values | 302 | ||
| Private Goods | 305 | ||
| Club Goods | 306 | ||
| Common-Pool Resource: | 307 | ||
| Public Goods | 308 | ||
| Managing the Commons | 309 | ||
| Framework: Enter the Client as Arbitrator | 311 | ||
| Framework: Emerging Local Policy Strategies | 312 | ||
| Framework: Systems Sustainability Assessment as LCA | 313 | ||
| Problems | 317 | ||
| Recommended Additional Reading | 318 | ||
| 12 Systems Logic of Devices: Patterns | 320 | ||
| Pattern Language in Solar Energy Conversion Systems | 322 | ||
| Cavity Collectors—the pattern of rooms | 323 | ||
| Flat Plate Collector—The Pattern of Simple Surfaces | 327 | ||
| Tubular Collector—The Pattern of a Geometry Working with the Sun | 328 | ||
| Parasoleils—The Pattern of Shading | 328 | ||
| Problems | 331 | ||
| Recommended Additional Reading | 331 | ||
| 13 Systems Logic of Devices: Optocalorics | 332 | ||
| Cover-Absorber: Optical Performance | 334 | ||
| Robot Monkey “Covers” Reflectivity of Polarized Light | 341 | ||
| Fin-Riser-Fluid: Thermal Performance | 343 | ||
| Collector Efficiency Factor: F?? | 348 | ||
| Collector Heat Removal Factor: FR | 349 | ||
| Putting It All Together | 351 | ||
| SHW Example | 353 | ||
| Problems | 356 | ||
| Recommended Additional Reading | 359 | ||
| 14 Systems Logic of Devices: Optoelectronics | 362 | ||
| Changes in Electronic State | 367 | ||
| Photovoltaic Effect | 368 | ||
| Cell-Module-Array | 369 | ||
| PV Cell Characterization | 371 | ||
| Characteristic Measures of Cells and Arrays | 374 | ||
| PV Systems Integration and Simulation Tools | 377 | ||
| Intrinsic/Extrinsic Properties in PV | 382 | ||
| Robot Monkey does Minority Charge Carriers! | 388 | ||
| Metrics: Performance and Unit Costs | 391 | ||
| Capacity Factors: USA | 393 | ||
| Problems | 395 | ||
| Recommended Additional Reading | 396 | ||
| 15 Concentration—The Pattern to Manipulate Light | 400 | ||
| Concentration Limits | 401 | ||
| Methods of Concentration | 404 | ||
| Mirrors and Lenses | 405 | ||
| The Case for Steam | 408 | ||
| CSP Performance | 410 | ||
| SCADA | 413 | ||
| Problems | 413 | ||
| Recommended Additional Reading | 414 | ||
| 16 Project Design | 416 | ||
| Design | 418 | ||
| Policy | 418 | ||
| Economics | 419 | ||
| The Discovery Phase: Predesign | 419 | ||
| The Design Phase | 421 | ||
| Solving for Pattern | 421 | ||
| Solar Utility for the Client and Locale | 422 | ||
| Revisiting the Goal of Solar Design | 424 | ||
| Problems | 425 | ||
| Recommended Additional Reading | 426 | ||
| Appendix A: Energy Conversion Systems | 428 | ||
| Robot Monkey’s Last Stand: Heat Pumps, Heat Engines, Entropy, and Modern Thermodynamics | 428 | ||
| Entropy is not “Disorder” | 433 | ||
| State Parameters of Thermodynamics: Cakes and Boiled Eggs | 434 | ||
| Foundations of Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics | 435 | ||
| Assumptions for Modern Thermodynamics | 436 | ||
| Entropy Related to Thermodynamic Forces and Currents | 437 | ||
| The Flux Equations! Ji | 438 | ||
| Appendix B: Numeracy and Units in Solar Energy | 440 | ||
| Bibliography | 454 | ||
| Index | 462 | ||
| A | 462 | ||
| B | 462 | ||
| C | 462 | ||
| D | 463 | ||
| E | 463 | ||
| F | 463 | ||
| G | 463 | ||
| H | 464 | ||
| I | 464 | ||
| K | 464 | ||
| L | 464 | ||
| M | 465 | ||
| N | 465 | ||
| O | 465 | ||
| P | 465 | ||
| Q | 467 | ||
| R | 467 | ||
| S | 467 | ||
| T | 469 | ||
| U | 470 | ||
| W | 470 |
