Construction Science and Materials

von: Surinder Singh Virdi

Wiley-Blackwell, 2017

ISBN: 9781119245087

Sprache: Englisch

352 Seiten, Download: 9820 KB

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Construction Science and Materials

	Title Page	5
	Copyright Page	6
	Contents	9
	Preface to the second edition	17
	About the Companion Website	19
	Chapter 1 Introduction to Physics	21
	1.1 Speed and Velocity	21
	1.2 Acceleration	21
	1.3 Mass	22
	1.4 Gravitation	22
	1.5 Weight	23
	1.6 Volume	24
	1.7 Density	24
	1.8 Specific Gravity	26
	1.9 Newton’s First Law of Motion	26
	1.10 Newton’s Second Law of Motion	26
	1.11 Newton’s Third Law of Motion	27
	1.12 Friction	27
	1.13 Work	28
	1.14 Energy	29
	1.14.1 Potential Energy	29
	1.14.2 Kinetic Energy	30
	1.15 Power	31
	Exercise 1.1	32
	Reference/Further Reading	32
	Chapter 2 Introduction to Chemistry	33
	2.1 Introduction	33
	2.2 Electrovalency and Covalency	35
	2.2.1 Covalent Bond	37
	2.3 Elements and Compounds	38
	2.4 Symbols and Formulae	39
	2.5 Acids and Bases	40
	2.5.1 Acids	40
	2.5.2 Bases	41
	Exercise 2.1	42
	References/Further Reading	43
	Chapter 3 Effects of Chemicals and the Atmosphere on Materials	45
	3.1 Introduction	45
	3.2 Oxidation	45
	3.2.1 Experiment: To Show that Oxygen (Or Air) and Water are Necessary for the Rusting of Iron	46
	3.3 Electrolysis	47
	3.4 Electrolytic Corrosion	48
	3.4.1 Examples of Electrolytic Corrosion	50
	3.4.2 Protection of Steel from Corrosion	51
	3.5 Applications of Electrolysis	52
	3.5.1 Electroplating (Figure 3.7)	52
	3.5.2 Extraction of Aluminium	52
	3.6 Acid Rain	53
	References/Further Reading	53
	Chapter 4 Electricity	55
	4.1 Introduction	55
	4.2 Coulomb’s Law	55
	4.3 Electric Current	56
	4.4 Potential Difference	56
	4.5 Electromotive Force (e.m.f.)	57
	4.6 Ohm’s Law	57
	4.7 Electrical Resistivity and Conductivity	59
	4.8 Resistors in Series/Parallel	59
	4.8.1 Resistors in Series	59
	4.8.2 Resistors in Parallel	60
	4.9 Transformers	63
	4.10 Power Generation	64
	4.11 Power Distribution	65
	4.12 Supply to Small Buildings	67
	Exercise 4.1	68
	Reference/Further Reading	69
	Chapter 5 Introduction to Construction Technology	71
	5.1 Introduction	71
	5.2 Substructure and Superstructure	71
	5.2.1 Soil Investigation	72
	5.3 Foundations	73
	5.3.1 Settlement	74
	5.4 Forms of Construction	75
	5.5 The External Envelope	76
	5.5.1 Functions of the External Envelope	77
	5.5.2 Ground Floors	80
	5.5.3 Cavity Walls	81
	5.5.4 Suspended Timber Upper Floors	81
	5.5.5 Roofs	81
	References/Further Reading	81
	Chapter 6 Introduction to Building Services	83
	6.1 Introduction	83
	6.2 Cold Water Supply	83
	6.3 Hot Water Supply	85
	6.4 Central Heating Systems	85
	6.5 Underfloor Heating Systems	86
	6.6 Drainage Systems	87
	6.6.1 Below-ground Drainage System	87
	6.6.2 Above-ground Drainage System	88
	6.7 Integration of Services into Building Design	88
	References/Further Reading	92
	Chapter 7 Thermal Energy 1	93
	7.1 Introduction	93
	7.2 Temperature	93
	7.2.1 Temperature Scales	94
	7.3 Units of Heat	94
	7.4 States of Matter	95
	7.4.1 Changes in the Physical State	95
	7.4.2 Experiment: The Physical States of Water	95
	7.5 Expansion and Contraction of Solids	97
	7.5.1 Linear Expansion	97
	7.5.2 Experiment: Determination of Coefficient of Linear Expansion	98
	7.5.3 Practical Examples of Expansion and Contraction	99
	7.6 Heat Transfer	101
	7.6.1 Conduction	101
	7.6.2 Experiment: To Compare the Thermal Conductivity of Metals	104
	7.6.3 Convection	104
	7.6.4 Radiation	105
	Exercise 7.1	106
	References/Further Reading	106
	Chapter 8 Thermal Energy 2 (Including Humidity)	107
	8.1 Introduction	107
	8.2 Thermal Insulation	107
	8.2.1 Experiment: To Compare the Thermal Insulation Values of Expanded Polystyrene, Vermiculite, Mineral Wool, Glass Fibre and Cork	108
	8.3 Heat Transmission	110
	8.3.1 Thermal Conductivity	110
	8.3.2 Thermal Resistivity (r)	111
	8.3.3 Thermal Resistance (R)	111
	8.4 Thermal Transmittance	112
	8.5 Heat Loss from Buildings	118
	8.6 Temperature Drop Through Materials	122
	8.7 Humidity	124
	8.7.1 Measurement of Relative Humidity	125
	8.8 Condensation	127
	8.8.1 The Psychrometric Chart	128
	8.8.2 Prevention of Surface Condensation	128
	8.8.3 Interstitial Condensation	130
	Exercise 8.1	136
	References/Further Reading	137
	Chapter 9 Forces and Structures 1	139
	9.1 Introduction	139
	9.2 Force	139
	9.2.1 Internal and External Forces	140
	9.3 Bending	140
	9.3.1 Deflection	142
	9.4 Types of Loading	143
	9.4.1 Dead Load	143
	9.4.2 Imposed Load	143
	9.4.3 Wind Load	143
	9.4.4 Loading from other Effects	143
	9.4.5 Point Load (Figure 9.7(a))	143
	9.4.6 Uniformly Distributed Load (Figure 9.7(b))	145
	9.4.7 Triangular Load (Figure 9.7(c))	145
	9.5 Stress and Strain	146
	9.5.1 Stress	147
	9.5.2 Strain	147
	9.6 Elasticity	148
	9.6.1 Experiment 1: Proof of Hooke’s Law	148
	9.6.2 Experiment 2: Proof of Hooke’s Law	149
	9.6.3 Factor of Safety	151
	Exercise 9.1	152
	References/Further Reading	153
	Chapter 10 Forces and Structures 2	155
	10.1 Moment of a Force	155
	10.1.1 Sign Convention	156
	10.2 Laws of Equilibrium	159
	10.3 Analysis of Beams	159
	10.3.1 Beam Reactions	159
	10.3.2 Shear Force (S.F.)	164
	10.3.3 Bending Moment (B.M.)	169
	10.4 Triangle of Forces	176
	10.4.1 Bow’s Notation	179
	10.4.2 Frames and Roof Trusses	181
	Exercise 10.1	186
	References/Further Reading	189
	Chapter 11 Forces and Structures 3	191
	11.1 Introduction	191
	11.2 Beams	191
	11.2.1 Tension and Compression in Beams	191
	11.2.2 Shear	192
	11.2.3 Deflection	193
	11.2.4 Lateral Buckling	194
	11.3 Reinforced Concrete (R.C.) Beams	195
	11.3.1 Shear Reinforcement	195
	11.4 Steel Beams	197
	11.4.1 Bending	197
	11.4.2 Plastic Hinge	198
	11.4.3 Shear	198
	11.5 Timber Joists	199
	11.5.1 Failures in Timber Joists	200
	11.5.2 Lateral Buckling	201
	11.6 Slabs	202
	11.7 Columns	203
	11.7.1 Slenderness Ratio	203
	11.7.2 Effective Height of Columns	204
	11.7.3 Eccentric Loading on Columns	206
	11.7.4 Steel Columns	207
	11.7.5 Reinforced Concrete Columns	208
	11.8 Foundations	208
	11.8.1 Strip Foundation	209
	11.8.2 Pad Foundation	210
	11.8.3 Other Foundations	211
	References/Further Reading	212
	Chapter 12 Fluid Mechanics	213
	12.1 Introduction	213
	12.2 Pressure of Fluids at Rest	213
	12.3 Why do Liquids Flow?	216
	12.4 Centre of Pressure	217
	12.5 The Flow of a Fluid	219
	12.5.1 Flow Rate	220
	12.5.2 Bernoulli’s Theorem	221
	12.5.3 The Venturimeter	224
	12.5.4 Flow in Pipes: Energy Loss	225
	12.5.5 Flow in Open Channels	226
	Exercise 12.1	228
	References/Further Reading	230
	Chapter 13 Sound	231
	13.1 Introduction	231
	13.2 Frequency, Wavelength and Velocity of Sound	232
	13.2.1 Frequency (f)	232
	13.2.2 Wavelength (?)	232
	13.2.3 Velocity (v)	232
	13.3 Measurement of Sound	234
	13.3.1 Threshold Values of Sound	235
	13.3.2 The Decibel Scale	235
	13.4 Addition of Sound Levels	237
	13.4.1 Approximate Addition of Sound Levels	237
	13.5 Transmission of Sound in Buildings	239
	13.5.1 Noise	240
	13.5.2 Requirements of Sound Insulation	240
	13.5.3 Sound-Insulation Techniques	241
	13.5.4 Noise in a Workplace	244
	13.5.5 Measurement of Sound Insulation	244
	13.6 Sound Absorption	245
	13.6.1 Reverberation	247
	13.6.2 Reverberation Time	247
	13.6.3 Types of Sound Absorbers	251
	13.7 Sound-level Meter	252
	Exercise 13.1	252
	References/Further Reading	253
	Chapter 14 Light	255
	14.1 Introduction	255
	14.2 Additive and Subtractive Colours	256
	14.3 Measuring Light	257
	14.3.1 Angular Measure	257
	14.3.2 Solid Angle	257
	14.3.3 Luminous Intensity (I)	258
	14.3.4 Luminous Flux (F)	258
	14.3.5 Illuminance (E)	259
	14.3.6 Luminance	259
	14.4 Inverse Square Law of Illuminance	260
	14.5 Lambert’s Cosine Law of Illuminance	261
	14.6 Lamps and Luminaires	263
	14.7 Design of Interior Lighting	265
	14.7.1 Light Output Ratio	266
	14.7.2 Direct Ratio	266
	14.7.3 Room Index	267
	14.7.4 Reflection of Light	267
	14.7.5 Level of Illuminance	267
	14.7.6 Utilisation Factor (UF)	269
	14.7.7 Maintenance Factor (MF)	269
	14.7.8 Lumen Design Method	272
	14.7.9 SHR	273
	14.8 Light Meter	278
	14.9 Daylighting	278
	14.9.1 Uniform Sky	278
	14.9.2 CIE Standard Overcast Sky	278
	14.9.3 Daylight Factor	279
	Exercise 14.1	281
	References/Further Reading	283
	Chapter 15 Human Comfort	285
	15.1 Introduction	285
	15.2 Temperature	285
	15.2.1 Air Temperature	286
	15.2.2 Mean Radiant Temperature	287
	15.2.3 Environmental Temperature	287
	15.2.4 Dry Resultant Temperature	287
	15.2.5 Activity	288
	15.2.6 Clothing	288
	15.3 Air Movement	288
	15.4 Humidity	289
	15.5 Ventilation	289
	15.6 Predicted Mean Vote	289
	15.7 Noise	290
	15.8 Lighting	291
	References/Further Reading	292
	Chapter 16 Construction Materials	293
	16.1 Introduction	293
	16.2 Bricks	294
	16.2.1 Clay Bricks	294
	16.2.2 Size	294
	16.2.3 Classification	295
	16.2.4 Manufacture	295
	16.2.5 Properties	295
	16.2.6 Deterioration of Brickwork	297
	16.2.7 Environmental Implications	298
	16.2.8 COSHH	298
	16.3 Aerated Concrete Blocks	299
	16.3.1 Manufacture	299
	16.3.2 Size	299
	16.3.3 Properties	299
	16.3.4 Environmental Implications	300
	16.4 Cement	300
	16.4.1 Raw Materials	301
	16.4.2 Manufacture	301
	16.4.3 Setting and Hardening of Cement	302
	16.4.4 Constituents of Portland Cement	302
	16.4.5 Types of Cement	302
	16.4.6 Compressive Strength	303
	16.4.7 Environmental Implications	304
	16.4.8 COSHH	304
	16.5 Concrete	304
	16.5.1 Raw Materials	305
	16.5.2 Manufacture of Concrete	305
	16.5.3 Concrete Mix	305
	16.5.4 Properties of Fresh Concrete	307
	16.5.5 Properties of Hardened Concrete	309
	16.5.6 Deterioration of Concrete	310
	16.5.7 Environmental Implications	311
	16.6 Metals	311
	16.6.1 Ferrous Metals	311
	16.6.2 Non-Ferrous Metal: Aluminium	315
	16.7 Timber	316
	16.7.1 Seasoning	317
	16.7.2 Properties	318
	16.7.3 Deterioration	319
	16.7.4 Preservation	320
	16.7.5 Environmental Implications	320
	16.8 Plastics	320
	16.8.1 Raw Materials and Manufacture	321
	16.8.2 Classification	321
	16.8.3 Properties and Uses	322
	16.9 Glass	323
	16.9.1 Properties	323
	16.9.2 Types of Glass	325
	References/Further Reading	326
	Chapter 17 Assignments	327
	17.1 Assignments for Level 2 Courses	327
	17.1.1 Assignment No. 1	327
	17.1.2 Assignment No. 2	327
	17.1.3 Assignment No. 3	327
	17.2 Assignments for Level 3/4 Courses	328
	17.2.1 Assignment No. 1	328
	17.2.2 Assignment No. 2	329
	17.2.3 Assignment No. 3	330
	Appendix 1 Formulae for Example 8.2	333
	Appendix 2 Solutions for Example 13.10	335
	Appendix 3 Answers to Exercises	337
	Answersto Exercise 1.1	337
	Answersto Exercise 2.1	337
	Answersto Exercise 4.1	338
	Answersto Exercise 7.1	338
	Answersto Exercise 8.1	338
	Answersto Exercise 9.1	339
	Answersto Exercise 10.1	339
	Answersto Exercise 12.1	343
	Answersto Exercise 13.1	344
	Answersto Exercise 14.1	344
	Index	345
	Supplemental Images	352
	EULA	358

Construction Science and Materials

von: Surinder Singh Virdi

Construction Science and Materials

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