Recycling of Polymers - Methods, Characterization and Applications

von: Raju Francis

Wiley-VCH, 2016

ISBN: 9783527689033

Sprache: Englisch

288 Seiten, Download: 7478 KB

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Recycling of Polymers - Methods, Characterization and Applications

	Cover	1
	Title Page	5
	Copyright	6
	Contents	7
	Preface	13
	List of Contributors	17
	Abbreviations	19
	Chapter 1 Introduction	21
	1.1 Introduction	22
	1.1.1 Why Recycling?	22
	1.1.2 Sources of Waste	22
	1.1.3 Plastics	23
	1.1.4 Recycling of Plastics	23
	1.1.5 Municipal Solid Waste	24
	1.1.6 Various Stages of Recycling Plastic Wastes	26
	1.1.7 Additives	26
	1.1.8 Mixed Plastics	28
	1.1.9 Composites	28
	1.2 Conclusion	28
	References	29
	Chapter 2 Common Additives used in Recycling of Polymers	31
	2.1 Review on Different Additives Used in Polymer Recycling	31
	2.1.1 Introduction	31
	2.1.1.1 Challenges in Recycling - Need for Additives	31
	2.1.1.2 Equipment for Additive Processing	32
	2.1.2 Different Types of Additives	32
	2.1.2.1 Stabilizing Agents	34
	2.1.2.2 Compatibilizers	39
	2.1.2.3 Antioxidants	41
	2.1.2.4 Impact Modifiers	43
	2.1.2.5 Fillers and Modifiers	45
	2.1.2.6 Antistatic Agents	46
	2.1.2.7 Coloring Agents	46
	2.1.2.8 Flame Retardants	47
	2.1.2.9 Lubricants	48
	2.1.2.10 Plasticizers	48
	2.1.2.11 Antibacterial or Antimicrobial Additives	49
	2.1.2.12 Coupling Agents	49
	2.1.3 Conclusion	50
	References	50
	2.2 Recent Trends and Future of Polymer Additives in Macromolecular Recycling Technology: A Brief Overview	51
	2.2.1 Introduction	51
	2.2.2 Miscellaneous Additives	52
	2.2.2.1 Nucleating Agents	52
	2.2.2.2 Reinforcing Agents or Fillers	53
	2.2.2.3 Optical Brighteners	56
	2.2.2.4 Surface Improvers	57
	2.2.2.5 Antiblocking Additives	59
	2.2.2.6 Blowing Agents (Foaming Agents)	59
	2.2.2.7 Antifogging Agents	61
	2.2.3 New Trends in Additives Technology	63
	2.2.3.1 Advances in Stabilizers	66
	2.2.3.2 Advances in Flame Retardants (FRs)	66
	2.2.3.3 Advances in Plasticizers	67
	2.2.3.4 Advances in Coloring Agents	67
	2.2.3.5 Advances in Fillers	68
	2.2.3.6 Advances in Other Additive Classes	68
	2.2.3.7 Multifunctional Additives	69
	2.2.4 Conclusion	69
	References	70
	Chapter 3 Methods of Recycling	75
	3.1 Methods of Recycling of Polymers: Addition Polymers	75
	3.1.1 Introduction	75
	3.1.2 Primary Recycling	78
	3.1.3 Mechanical Recycling (or Secondary Recycling)	78
	3.1.4 Chemical or Feedstock Recycling (Tertiary Recycling)	79
	3.1.5 Energy Recovery (Quaternary Recycling)	80
	3.1.6 Chemical Recycling of Polyethylene (LDPE and HDPE)	82
	3.1.6.1 Introduction	82
	3.1.6.2 Thermolysis Schemes and Technologies	83
	3.1.6.3 Reactor Types	85
	3.1.7 Polyolefin Thermal Cracking	86
	3.1.7.1 Catalytic Degradation	86
	3.1.8 Chemical Recycling of Polypropylene	87
	3.1.8.1 Introduction	87
	3.1.8.2 Pyrolysis	89
	3.1.8.3 Co-pyrolysis	90
	3.1.8.4 Catalytic Cracking	91
	3.1.9 Chemical Recycling of Polystyrene	95
	3.1.9.1 Introduction	95
	3.1.9.2 Recycling Methods for Polystyrene Products	96
	3.1.9.3 Future Prospects	103
	3.1.10 Chemical Recycling of Poly(vinyl chloride)	103
	3.1.10.1 Introduction	103
	3.1.10.2 Mixed Plastic Recycling Processes	106
	3.1.10.3 Mixed PVC Wastes World Initiatives	108
	3.1.10.4 The BASF Feedstock Recycling Process	108
	3.1.10.5 Veba Combi Cracking Process	110
	3.1.11 Chemical Recycling of Poly(methyl methacrylate)	110
	3.1.11.1 Introduction	110
	3.1.11.2 Dissolution/Reprecipitation	111
	3.1.11.3 Chemical/Feedstock Recycling	112
	References	113
	3.2 Methods of Recycling of Polymers: Condensation Polymers	121
	3.2.1 Introduction	121
	3.2.2 Chemical Recycling of Nylon	121
	3.2.2.1 Introduction	121
	3.2.2.2 Recycling Methods	121
	3.2.3 Chemical Recycling Involving Depolymerization of Nylons Which Can Be Carried Out by Hydrolysis or Ammonolysis of Nylon 6,6 and Nylon 6	122
	3.2.3.1 Hydrolysis of Nylon 6	122
	3.2.3.2 Hydrolysis of Nylon 6,6 and Nylon 4,6	123
	3.2.3.3 Ammonolysis of Nylon 6,6	123
	3.2.3.4 Recovery of Nylon 6,6 Monomers	124
	3.2.3.5 Catalytic Pyrolysis	125
	3.2.3.6 Applications of Depolymerized Nylon 6	125
	3.2.4 Chemical Recycling of Polycarbonate	125
	3.2.4.1 Introduction	125
	3.2.4.2 Recycling Techniques	126
	3.2.5 Advantages of Recycling and Reuse of Polymers	130
	References	132
	Chapter 4 Recycling of Plastics	135
	4.1 Introduction	135
	4.2 Plastic Waste Management Scenario	137
	4.3 Ways of Recycling	139
	4.3.1 Reuse	140
	4.3.2 Mechanical Recycling	141
	4.3.3 Chemical Recycling	141
	4.4 Poly(Lactic Acid)	142
	4.5 Poly(Vinyl Chloride)	145
	4.6 Polyethylene	146
	4.7 Polypropylene	148
	4.8 Polystyrene	149
	4.9 Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) (PET)	149
	4.10 Applications	154
	References	155
	Chapter 5 Recycling of Rubber	161
	5.1 Introduction	161
	5.2 Rubber	162
	5.3 Recycling of Rubber Products	163
	5.3.1 Chemical Process	163
	5.3.2 Physical Methods	165
	5.3.2.1 Mechanochemical Techniques	165
	5.3.2.2 Microwave Technique	166
	5.3.2.3 Ultrasonic Technique	166
	5.3.2.4 Twin-Screw Extruder	168
	5.3.3 Biological Process	168
	5.4 Applications of Recycled Rubber	172
	5.4.1 Sound-Insulation Materials	172
	5.4.2 Civil Engineering Applications	173
	5.4.3 Oil Absorbent	174
	5.4.4 Energy Production	174
	5.4.5 Zinc Fertilizer	175
	5.5 Concluding Remarks	175
	References	176
	Chapter 6 Fibers	183
	6.1 Introduction	183
	6.2 Natural Fibers	184
	6.2.1 Kenaf	185
	6.2.2 Cotton	187
	6.2.3 Sisal	190
	6.2.4 Asbestos	194
	6.3 Synthetic Fibers	196
	6.3.1 Nylon	197
	6.3.2 Polyester	202
	6.3.3 Glass Fiber	207
	6.3.3.1 Glass Fiber-Reinforced Plastics	208
	6.3.3.2 Mechanical Process	208
	6.3.3.3 Thermal Process	208
	6.3.3.4 Chemical Recycling	210
	6.3.4 Carbon Fiber	212
	6.3.4.1 Mechanical Recycling	212
	6.3.4.2 Thermal Recycling	213
	6.3.4.3 Chemical Recycling	215
	6.4 Conclusion	218
	References	218
	Chapter 7 Recycling of Polymer Blends and Composites (Epoxy Blends)	229
	7.1 Introduction	229
	7.2 Polymer Blends and Composites	229
	7.2.1 Methods of Recycling	233
	7.2.1.1 Mechanical Recycling	233
	7.2.1.2 Chemical Recycling	235
	7.2.1.3 Thermal Recycling	236
	7.3 Characterization and Application of Recyclates	238
	7.4 Conclusions	239
	References	239
	Chapter 8 Recycling of Other Layered Mixed Plastics or Resins: Polyurethanes	243
	8.1 Introduction	243
	8.2 Mechanical Recycling	246
	8.3 Chemical Recycling	247
	8.3.1 Glycolysis	248
	8.3.2 Hydrolysis	249
	8.3.3 Aminolysis	249
	8.4 Thermochemical methods	250
	8.4.1 Pyrolysis	250
	8.4.2 Gasification	250
	8.4.3 Hydrogenation	250
	8.5 Energy Recovery by Incineration	251
	References	252
	Chapter 9 Ecoprofiles of Recycled Polymers at a Glance	255
	9.1 Advantages of Recycled Polymers on the Environment	255
	9.1.1 Introduction	255
	9.1.2 Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)	256
	9.1.3 High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)	257
	9.1.4 Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)	259
	9.1.5 Polypropylene (PP)	260
	9.1.6 Polystyrene (PS)	261
	9.1.7 Other Polymers	262
	9.1.8 Conclusion	265
	References	265
	9.2 Toxic or Environmental Effects of Recycled Polymers	268
	9.2.1 Introduction	268
	9.2.2 Will Recycling Reduce the Amount of Waste?	269
	9.2.2.1 Recycling of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)	270
	9.2.2.2 Recycling of Tires	271
	9.2.2.3 Recycling of Plastics	271
	9.2.2.4 Recycling of Polymers	271
	9.2.2.5 Health Problems	272
	9.2.2.6 Recycling by Polymer Incineration	272
	9.2.3 Conclusion	273
	References	273
	Index	277
	EULA	285

Recycling of Polymers - Methods, Characterization and Applications

von: Raju Francis

Recycling of Polymers - Methods, Characterization and Applications

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