Megacities - Urban Form, Governance, and Sustainability
von: Andre Sorensen, Junichiro Okata
Springer-Verlag, 2010
ISBN: 9784431992677
Sprache: Englisch
418 Seiten, Download: 13315 KB
Format: PDF, auch als Online-Lesen
geeignet für:
Typ: B (paralleler Zugriff)
| Megacities | 4 | ||
| Preface | 6 | ||
| Contents | 8 | ||
| List of Contributors | 12 | ||
| 1.?: Introduction: Megacities, Urban Form, and Sustainability | 15 | ||
| 1.1?A World of Giant Cities | 16 | ||
| 1.2?Sustainable Megacities? | 18 | ||
| 1.2.1?Defining Megacities | 20 | ||
| 1.2.2?Giant Cities in Developed and Developing Countries | 21 | ||
| References | 25 | ||
| Part I: Asia | 27 | ||
| 2.?: Tokyo’s Urban Growth, Urban Form and Sustainability | 28 | ||
| 2.1?Introduction | 28 | ||
| 2.2?History of Tokyo’s Urban Growth | 29 | ||
| 2.3?Diversity of Urban Form Issues in Tokyo | 35 | ||
| 2.3.1?Several Kinds of Urban Sprawl | 35 | ||
| 2.3.2?Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) | 36 | ||
| 2.3.3?Intensification of Urban Centers | 37 | ||
| 2.3.4?Redevelopment of Brownfields | 40 | ||
| 2.3.5?Conservation of Historic Areas | 43 | ||
| 2.3.6?Improvement of Vernacular or Popular Settlements | 43 | ||
| 2.3.7?Maintenance and Improvement of the Suburbs | 44 | ||
| 2.4?Previous Successes in Solving Urban Environmental Problems | 45 | ||
| 2.4.1?Fighting Against Environmental Pollution in the 1970s | 47 | ||
| 2.4.2?Reducing and Recycling Waste in the 1990s | 48 | ||
| 2.4.3?“No Diesel Strategy” Campaign Since 1999 | 49 | ||
| 2.5?New Challenges to Enhance Urban Sustainability | 50 | ||
| 2.5.1?Energy-Saving and a Shift to Renewable Energy | 50 | ||
| 2.5.2?Tokyo After 10 Years Plan | 51 | ||
| 2.6?Conclusion | 52 | ||
| References | 53 | ||
| 3.?: In Search of Sustainable Urban Form for Seoul | 55 | ||
| 3.1?Introduction | 55 | ||
| 3.2?Evolution of the Metropolitan Urban Form of Seoul | 56 | ||
| 3.2.1?The Greenbelt | 59 | ||
| 3.2.2?Inner City Renewal | 62 | ||
| 3.2.3?Suburban New Town Development | 65 | ||
| 3.3?Seoul’s Metropolitan Form and Sustainability Issues | 70 | ||
| 3.3.1?Compactness: Population Density Vs. Building Density | 70 | ||
| 3.3.2?Morphological Dimensions | 71 | ||
| 3.3.3?Concentration Vs. Decentralized Concentration | 72 | ||
| 3.4?Conclusion | 74 | ||
| References | 76 | ||
| 4.?: Sustainable Development, Urban Form, and Megacity Governance and Planning in Tehran | 78 | ||
| 4.1?Emergence of a Metropolis | 78 | ||
| 4.2?Patterns of Urban Form | 81 | ||
| 4.3?Urban Governance | 85 | ||
| 4.4?Planning the Megacity | 88 | ||
| 4.5?Challenges of Sustainable Development | 90 | ||
| 4.6?Environmental Risks | 93 | ||
| 4.7?Managing Urban Growth | 96 | ||
| 4.8?Conclusion | 100 | ||
| References | 101 | ||
| 5.?: Re-Forming the Megacity: Calcutta and the Rural–Urban Interface* | 103 | ||
| 5.1?Introduction | 103 | ||
| 5.2?Millennial Calcutta | 104 | ||
| 5.3?The Politics of the Mega-City | 112 | ||
| 5.4?Re-Forming the Megacity | 116 | ||
| References | 118 | ||
| 6.?: Landscapes of Water in Delhi: Negotiating Global Norms and Local Cultures | 120 | ||
| 6.1?Introduction | 120 | ||
| 6.2?The Historic Walled City of Shahjahanabad | 123 | ||
| 6.3?Colonialism and Urban Growth5 | 125 | ||
| 6.4?The Water Crisis in Postcolonial Delhi | 131 | ||
| 6.5?Modernity, Sustainability, and Water | 136 | ||
| References | 140 | ||
| 7.?: Bangkok’s Urban Evolution: Challenges and Opportunities for Urban Sustainability | 142 | ||
| 7.1?Introduction | 142 | ||
| 7.1.1?Sustaining Bangkok, Sustaining Thailand | 143 | ||
| 7.1.2?The Thai Cultural Frame: Culture as “Flow” and the Formal/Informal Dichotomy | 144 | ||
| 7.1.3?A Laissez-Faire Attitude Towards “Planning”: The Self-Organizing City and the City in Need of Reorganization | 146 | ||
| 7.2?Bangkok’s Urban Evolution | 147 | ||
| 7.2.1?The Indigenous City (Rama I – Rama III, 1782–1851) | 148 | ||
| 7.2.2?The Transition City (Rama IV – Early Rama IX, 1851–1946) | 149 | ||
| 7.2.3?The Modern City (Rama IX, 1946 – Present): Capital and Technology-Led Change | 150 | ||
| 7.3?Bangkok’s Superblocks | 154 | ||
| 7.3.1?Patterns of Lateral Expansion: Fragmentation Through Time, Space, and Scales | 154 | ||
| 7.3.2?Patterns of Movement: From Fluid Khlongs to Clogged Roads | 155 | ||
| 7.3.3?Patterns of Suburbanization: Villages in the City | 156 | ||
| 7.4?Urban Plans and Visions for Bangkok’s Development and Sustainability | 158 | ||
| 7.4.1?Decentralized-Concentration Vision for Bangkok | 159 | ||
| 7.4.2?Official Visions Vs. the Reality on the Ground | 160 | ||
| 7.4.3?Alternative and Speculative Visions | 162 | ||
| 7.5?Conclusion | 166 | ||
| References | 167 | ||
| 8.?: Urban Dualism in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area | 171 | ||
| 8.1?Introduction | 171 | ||
| 8.2?A Brief History of the JMA: The Formation of Social Dualism | 173 | ||
| 8.2.1?Colonial Urbanism: The Beginning of Dualism in Jakarta’s Urban Form | 173 | ||
| 8.2.2?Post-Colonial Urban: A City to Reflect National Pride | 175 | ||
| 8.2.3?Modern Urban: The Excitement of Property Development and the Economic Crisis | 176 | ||
| 8.3?Urbanization in JMA: The Birth of a Megalopolis | 178 | ||
| 8.4?The Creation of Spaces in the JMA: Reinforcing Spatial Segregation | 183 | ||
| 8.4.1?New Residential Areas: Creating Centers | 185 | ||
| 8.4.2?Kampungs: Vernacular Urban Residential Settlements | 188 | ||
| 8.4.3?Malls, Apartments, and Office Buildings: Modern Urban Space | 190 | ||
| 8.4.4?Conservation of Colonial Heritage: Remembering the Orderly Past | 192 | ||
| 8.5?Concluding Remarks: Urban Dualism and Sustainable Urban Form | 194 | ||
| References | 196 | ||
| Part II: Europe and North America | 200 | ||
| 9.?: Strategic Planning for London: Integrating City Design and Urban Transportation | 201 | ||
| 9.1?Introduction | 201 | ||
| 9.2?Greater London | 202 | ||
| 9.3?Governing Greater London | 206 | ||
| 9.4?Strategic Planning | 211 | ||
| 9.5?The Green Belt | 211 | ||
| 9.5.1?Positive Effects | 213 | ||
| 9.5.2?Negative Effects | 214 | ||
| 9.5.3?The Value of the Green Belt | 216 | ||
| 9.6?The London Plan | 216 | ||
| 9.6.1?Vertical Integration | 219 | ||
| 9.6.2?Horizontal Integration | 220 | ||
| 9.6.3?Success Factors | 221 | ||
| 9.6.4?Critical Comments | 223 | ||
| 9.7?Conclusion | 225 | ||
| References | 226 | ||
| 10.?: Towards an Ecological Urbanism for Istanbul | 229 | ||
| 10.1?Sustainable Istanbul | 231 | ||
| 10.2?Early Development Until the 1950s | 233 | ||
| 10.3?Istanbul After the 1980s | 239 | ||
| 10.4?Towards an Ecological Urbanism for the Istanbul Archipelago | 242 | ||
| References | 247 | ||
| 11.?: Toronto Megacity: Growth, Planning Institutions, Sustainability | 250 | ||
| 11.1?Introduction | 250 | ||
| 11.2?The Emergence of a New Development System | 255 | ||
| 11.2.1?The Metro Development Control Regime | 258 | ||
| 11.2.2?The Metro Concept of Urban Form and Mobility | 263 | ||
| 11.3?Toronto Urban Form 1954?2006 | 265 | ||
| 11.4?Toronto Megacity Sustainability | 271 | ||
| References | 274 | ||
| 12.?: Los Angeles: Urban Development in the Postsuburban Megacity | 277 | ||
| 12.1?Introduction: The Need for Postsuburban Reinvention | 277 | ||
| 12.2?The Los Angeles Region | 278 | ||
| 12.3?Postsuburbanity | 280 | ||
| 12.4?Tactical Incrementalism | 284 | ||
| 12.5?Conclusion | 289 | ||
| References | 290 | ||
| Part III: Latin America | 292 | ||
| 13.?: Mexico City: Power, Equity, and Sustainable Development | 293 | ||
| 13.1?Introduction to the Post-Apocalyptic City | 293 | ||
| 13.2?Framing the Sustainable Cities Discourse | 294 | ||
| 13.3?Key Environmental Issues | 296 | ||
| 13.3.1?Sustainable Transportation and Air Quality | 297 | ||
| 13.3.2?Land Conservation | 299 | ||
| 13.3.3?Waste Management | 302 | ||
| 13.3.4?The Sustainability of Water | 303 | ||
| 13.4?Planning Environmental Sustainability in Mexico City | 305 | ||
| 13.4.1?The Green Plan | 307 | ||
| 13.4.2?Preliminary Results: The First Address to Citizens | 308 | ||
| 13.5?Final Remarks | 310 | ||
| References | 311 | ||
| 14.?: Bogotá’s Recovery Process | 313 | ||
| 14.1?Introduction | 313 | ||
| 14.2?Urban Form and Sustainable Development in Bogotá | 313 | ||
| 14.2.1?A Rapid Urban Development | 313 | ||
| 14.2.2?Urban Development in the Twentieth Century | 314 | ||
| 14.2.3 The Effects of Accelerated Urban Development | 316 | ||
| 14.2.4?The Changes of the 1990s | 317 | ||
| 14.2.5?Urban Development and Sustainability | 317 | ||
| 14.3?Recent Urban Development | 318 | ||
| 14.3.1?The Urban Crisis of the 1980s | 318 | ||
| 14.3.2?The City in the Last Fifteen Years | 321 | ||
| 14.3.3?Urban Development | 322 | ||
| 14.3.4?Transport | 324 | ||
| 14.4?The End of the Crisis | 327 | ||
| 14.4.1?Strengthening Local Governance and Public Finances | 327 | ||
| 14.4.2?Finances | 328 | ||
| 14.4.3?Increase in Welfare Investment | 329 | ||
| 14.4.4?The New Planning Regime | 330 | ||
| 14.4.5?The Recovery of Territorial Planning and Long-Term Vision: The Project Plan Articulated in a City Project | 330 | ||
| 14.4.6?The Different Planning Scales: Centers and Zonal Planning | 331 | ||
| 14.4.7?Development Standards: An Instrument for Regulating Private Actions in the City and Making Them Sustainable | 332 | ||
| 14.5?Actions and Policies Towards Sustainable Development | 333 | ||
| 14.5.1?Civic Culture: Creating a Safer City | 333 | ||
| 14.5.2?Security | 334 | ||
| 14.5.3?Complementary Safety and Security Programs | 336 | ||
| 14.5.4?Reconstructing City Spaces | 338 | ||
| 14.5.5?The Recovery of Public Space | 338 | ||
| 14.5.6?The Restoration of Environmental Systems | 340 | ||
| 14.5.7?A New System of Transport and Mobility | 341 | ||
| 14.5.8?New and Better Facilities | 343 | ||
| 14.6?Challenges | 343 | ||
| 14.6.1?Mobility | 344 | ||
| 14.6.2?Welfare Housing | 344 | ||
| 14.6.3?Planning in the City-Region | 344 | ||
| 14.7?Conclusion | 345 | ||
| References | 345 | ||
| 15.?: Socially Sustainable Urban Development: The Case of São Paulo | 347 | ||
| 15.1?New Urban Legislation: The Embú Letter | 350 | ||
| 15.2?The Onerous Grant (Outorga Onerosa) Mechanism | 351 | ||
| 15.3?The New Constitution and Urban Development | 352 | ||
| 15.4?What is a Joint Urban Operation? | 353 | ||
| 15.5?The Practice of Urban Operations | 354 | ||
| 15.6?Urban Operations in Sao Paulo Since 1991 | 355 | ||
| 15.6.1?The Anhangabaú-Centro Urban Operation (Law 12.349/97) | 355 | ||
| 15.6.2?The Àgua Branca Urban Operation (Law n. 11.774/95) | 356 | ||
| 15.6.3?The Faria Lima Urban Operation (Law n. 11.732/95) | 357 | ||
| 15.6.4?The Àgua Espraiada Urban Operation (Law 13.260/2001) | 359 | ||
| 15.6.5?The Rio Verde-Jacu Urban Operation (Law 13.872/04) | 360 | ||
| 15.7?Impact of Urban Operations | 361 | ||
| 15.8?Cepacs: A New Instrument of Value Capture | 362 | ||
| 15.9?Price Increase of Land in Urban Operations | 363 | ||
| 15.10?Real Estate Concentration and Tax Collection | 364 | ||
| 15.11?Impact on Construction Density, Population, and Gentrification | 365 | ||
| 15.12?A New Master Plan | 366 | ||
| 15.13?New Urban Operations and the General Reduction of Floor Area Ratio | 366 | ||
| 15.14?ZEISs and Social Sustainability | 368 | ||
| 15.15?ZEPAMs: The Right of Preference and Environmental Sustainability | 368 | ||
| 15.16?The Problem of Transportation | 368 | ||
| 15.17?Conclusions | 371 | ||
| References | 373 | ||
| 16.?: Sustainability and Urban Form: The Metropolitan Region of Buenos Aires* | 374 | ||
| 16.1?Introduction | 374 | ||
| 16.2?Urban Configuration Processes in the MRBA | 376 | ||
| 16.3?Transformations in the MRBA’s Layout in the Last 20 Years | 381 | ||
| 16.4?Sustainability, Livability, and Planning in the MRBA | 385 | ||
| 16.4.1?Types of Growth, Land Occupation, and Urban Form | 387 | ||
| 16.4.2?The Right to the City and Access to Land by Low-Income Groups | 388 | ||
| 16.4.3?Urban Quality and Environment Related Conflicts | 390 | ||
| 16.5?Governance and Planning Approaches in Buenos Aires | 391 | ||
| References | 395 | ||
| Part IV: Conclusion | 396 | ||
| 17.?: Megacity Sustainability: Urban Form, Development, and Governance | 397 | ||
| 17.1 Urban Form | 398 | ||
| 17.1.1 Sprawl | 399 | ||
| 17.1.2 Polycentricity and Social Polarization | 402 | ||
| 17.2 Land, Land Valorization, and Infrastructure Building | 404 | ||
| 17.3 Governance Questions and Issues | 410 | ||
| 17.3.1 Fragmented Governance | 411 | ||
| 17.3.2 Colonial Legacies of Dualistic Urbanism | 414 | ||
| 17.3.3 Bogotá | 415 | ||
| References | 417 |
